Tasks at Work: Comparative Advantage, Technology, and Labor Demand

This chapter reviews recent advances in the task model and shows how this framework can be put to work to understand the major labor market trends of the last several decades. Production in each industry necessitates the completion of a range of tasks, which can be allocated to workers of different skill types or to capital. Factors of production have well-defined comparative advantages across tasks, which govern the pattern of substitution between skill groups. Technological change can: (1) augment a specific labor type—e.g., increase the productivity of labor in tasks it is already performing; (2) augment capital; (3) automate work by enabling capital to perform tasks previously allocated to labor; (4) create new tasks. The task model clarifies that these different types of technological changes have distinct effects on labor demand, factor shares, and productivity, and their full impact depends on the pattern of substitution between different factors which arises endogenously in the task framework. The authors explore the implications of the task framework using reduced-form evidence, which highlights the central role of automation and new tasks in recent labor market trends. They also explain how general equilibrium effects ignored in these reduced-form approaches can be estimated structurally.